|
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across a conductor exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Michael Faraday, who mathematically described Faraday's law of induction, is generally credited with its discovery in 1831. ==History== Electromagnetic induction was first discovered by Michael Faraday, who made his discovery public in 1831.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Joseph Henry )〕 It was discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832. In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer). Based on his assessment of recently discovered properties of electromagnets, he expected that, when current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other wire to a battery. Indeed, he saw a transient current (which he called a "wave of electricity") when he connected the wire to the battery, and another when he disconnected it.〔''Michael Faraday'', by L. Pearce Williams, p. 182-3〕 This induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was connected and disconnected.〔 Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").〔''Michael Faraday'', by L. Pearce Williams, p. 191–5〕 Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not formulated mathematically.〔''Michael Faraday'', by L. Pearce Williams, p. 510〕 An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory.〔〔Maxwell, James Clerk (1904), ''A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'', Vol. II, Third Edition. Oxford University Press, pp. 178–9 and 189.〕〔("Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", The Institution of Engineering and Technology. )〕 In Maxwell's model, the time varying aspect of electromagnetic induction is expressed as a differential equation, which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's law even though it is slightly different from Faraday's original formulation and does not describe motional EMF. Heaviside's version (see Maxwell–Faraday equation below) is the form recognized today in the group of equations known as Maxwell's equations. Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him in 1834 to describe the "flux through the circuit". Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced EMF and current resulting from electromagnetic induction (elaborated upon in the examples below). Following the understanding brought by these laws, many kinds of device employing magnetic induction have been invented. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「electromagnetic induction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|